Angkasawan Malaysia

Thursday, April 03, 2008

Membina pesawat angkasa suborbital sendiri

INDUSTRI pelancongan dunia menjadi pesat dengan berkembangnya industri penerbangan dunia.
Banyak lokasi terpencil dunia seperti kepulauan Fiji, Hawaii dan Bali menjadi destinasi terkenal kerana boleh dihubungi dengan menggunakan pesawat jet yang hanya mengambil masa singkat.
Apabila manusia mula menerokai angkasa lepas sejak 1957, banyak usaha telah dilakukan agar manusia boleh menjalani kehidupan di angkasa lepas. Apabila pesawat SpaceShipOne ciptaan Burt Ruton memenangi Ansari X Prize, pada tahun 2004, bermulalah detik manusia mula berkeyakinan bahawa semua orang akan mampu berada di angkasa lepas.
Namun usaha menjadikan angkasa lepas sebagai destinasi pelancong telah lama dilakukan oleh Space Tourism Society (www.spacetourismsociety.org).
Organisasi sukarela itu mempromosikan pelancongan angkasa dan juga membina pesawat untuk ke angkasa lepas. Manakala Space Tourism Society Malaysia Chapter (STS-MC) adalah cawangan Space Tourism Society itu di Malaysia.
Sungguhpun STS-MC telah ditubuhkan pada Julai 2006, aktiviti promosi pelancongan angkasa yang pertama di Malaysia telah direkodkan bermula pada Julai 1999. Oleh itu, aktiviti pembangunan pelancongan angkasa di Malaysia telah berusia hampir sembilan tahun.
Program angkasawan telah memberikan sumbangan yang besar kepada pembangunan pelancongan angkasa di Malaysia, kerana ia telah menggalakkan orang awam berfikir berkenaan pengembaraan ke angkasa lepas.
Apabila orang awam memikirkan peluang mereka untuk mengembara ke angkasa seperti angkasawan, mereka akan memikirkan pula sistem pengangkutan yang ekonomi bagi merealisasikan peluang mereka itu. Oleh itu, mewujudkan sistem pengangkutan angkasa yang ekonomi ini adalah agenda utama dalam pelancongan angkasa.
Kewujudan program angkasawan juga telah memberikan kelebihan yang unik kepada STS-MC kerana Malaysia adalah satu-satunya negara membangun di dunia yang mempunyai program angkasawan. Kelebihan ini membolehkan STS-MC mempromosikan dirinya di peringkat antarabangsa melalui pembinaan pesawat bagi menghasilkan lebih ramai angkasawan di negara kita.
Membentangkan kertas kerja di program anjuran European Space Agency (ESA) atau NASA adalah aktiviti utama STS-MC setiap tahun. Baru-baru ini pula, STS-MC telah membuat pembentangan di International Space University Annual Symposium di Strasbourg, Perancis.
Kali ini STS-MC menjelaskan bahawa kos bagi membangunkan sebuah prototaip pesawat angkasa suborbital adalah lebih rendah daripada kos menghantar seorang angkasawan ke International Space Station (ISS).
Tambahan pula, saintis kita sudah berjaya menghasilkan bahan api roket di negara ini yang sudah mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa. Dengan kejayaan itu sudah tentu ia boleh dihasilkan dengan kos yang amat murah.
Prototaip pesawat ini boleh membuat berulang kali penerbangan ke paras 100 km dari aras laut, melayakkan juruterbangnya digelar angkasawan kerana Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) menganugerahkan astronaut wing kepada juruterbang dan penumpang pesawat yang terbang melebihi 80km dari aras laut.
Selain dari membawa pelancong ke angkasa, pesawat ini juga boleh berfungsi sebagai pesawat angkasa suborbital pencerapan Bumi, VVIP dan strategik.
Pesawat ini boleh digunakan untuk membawa pemimpin utama negara keluar dari kawasan bahaya apabila berlaku serangan nuklear, biologi atau kimia dalam tempoh yang singkat kerana pesawat ini berkemampuan untuk sampai ke ruang angkasa dalam tempoh 15 minit sahaja. Satu cadangan telah dikemukakan bagi menghasilkan pesawat yang boleh berlepas dari tasik di Putrajaya sepertimana kebanyakan pesawat terbang di zaman awal penerbangan dulu.
Pesawat angkasa suborbital strategik boleh digunakan untuk misi keselamatan negara kerana ketinggian paras penerbangannya melebihi paras jangkauan peluru berpandu antipesawat udara dan pesawat pejuang pemintas serta membolehkannya memainkan peranan efektif dalam misi pengintipan dan pemusnahan satelit musuh. Sememangnya penggunaan pesawat angkasa suborbital untuk tujuan strategik kini telah menjadi agenda beberapa negara maju.
Pesawat angkasa ini juga boleh digunakan sebagai pelantar penyelidikan saintifik dan juga sebagai pelancar satelit bagi menggantikan teknologi pelancar roket yang berisiko tinggi pada hari ini. Sedar atau tidak, sebulan sebelum angkasawan negara berlepas ke ISS, sebuah roket Proton yang membawa satelit Jepun telah meletup di Baikonur.
Bagi memiliki teknologi ini, kita mesti berlumba dengan kuasa besar dunia agar kita dapat memiliki teknologi ini sebelum ia disahkan amat berharga bagi mereka. Apabila mereka berjaya memilikinya, mereka akan menghalang negara-negara lain menguasainya sepertimana yang berlaku kepada teknologi nuklear.
Sehubungan itu, STS-MC mencadangkan agar kerajaan Malaysia melalui Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi membangunkan prototaip pesawat angkasa suborbital sebagai kesinambungan program angkasawan.
STS-MC turut mencadangkan konsep guna semula sepenuhnya dengan kombinasi enjin jet dan roket dalam pembangunan prototaip pesawat angkasa suborbital ini. Konsep ini membolehkan prototaip pesawat ini berlepas secara mendatar menggunakan enjin jet dan menggunakan enjin roket untuk terbang menegak sehingga mencapai ketinggian 70km serta menggunakan momentum bagi mencapai paras 100km dari aras laut. Prototaip ini kemudiannya boleh meluncur turun tanpa penggunaan enjin, tetapi enjin jetnya boleh dihidupkan sekiranya perlu untuk tujuan keselamatan.
STS-MC telah pun mempunyai kerjasama strategik dan hubungan rasmi dengan pereka dan pengeluar air frame dan propulsion system pesawat angkasa suborbital seperti Bristol Spaceplane dan Swiss Propulsion Laboratory.
* DR. MOHD. ROSHDI HASSAN adalah kakitangan Universiti Putra Malaysia yang juga penasihat STS-MC pesawat Ascender ciptaan Britol Spaceplane mengikut gambaran STS-MC.

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